Pricing for Risks: Ideals and Reality
2010 Joint Regional Seminar
By Society of Actuaries, Faculty Institute of Actuaries,
Institute of Actuaries of Australia
Presented by:
Wing F Wong, FSA, MAAA
Principal
wing.wong@milliman.com
August 2010
Agenda
Review of pricing techniques in practice
Illustrative case of impact of pricing techniques chosen
Pricing practice around the world: overview of an SoA survey
Practical considerations
Common profit measures
Internal rate of return (IRR)
Return on equity (ROE)
Return on asset (ROA)
Premium margin (either before or after CoC)
Break-even year
Embedded value (TEV, EEV, or MCEV)
Risk adjusted return on capital
Pricing for risks techniques
Classic approach – deterministic with stress tests
Best estimate
Stress scenarios on various risk factors
Stresses can be based on historical experience
Somehow arbitrary
Pricing for risks techniques
The rise of stochastic pricing
ALM mismatch is a source of potential loss
Products more complex due to embedded options
VA with GMXB mispricing and rise of VA
Minimum crediting rates in Universal Life and Annuity
Dynamic lapse behavior as an option
Rise of MCEV/Solvency II
Illustrative cases
Universal life product with 6-year maturity
Look at pretax profit margin
PV Profit/PV Premium
Stochastic interest rate model – 200 scenarios
Impact of
Dynamic lapse
ALM mismatch
Illustrative cases
Observations
Dynamic lapse “dampens” the upside
ALM mismatch greatly expands diversion of results
Both are risks must be tested and pricing allowed for
Deterministic projection can be too simplistic
Have to decide a threshold,
say 75% chance to make money?
The rest of the risk, leave to capital support
Pricing for risk survey highlights
2010 survey for SoA/CAS/CIA conducted by Milliman
374 participating companies globally
76% parents in North America
15% Europe
8% Asia
Which profit measure ranks first?
How risks are reflected in given profit measure?
How risks are reflected in given profit measure?
What is the profit basis?
What accounting basis?
Competitor uses a different profit measure?
Financial crisis makes you change profit measure?
Financial crisis makes you change profit measure?
Financial crisis makes you change profit measure?
What capital basis?
How to decide assumption PAD?
How stressful is stress test?
What stochastic measure to use?
What is the “premium” in premium margin?
What discount rate?
How to reflect interest rate risk?
How to capture policyholder behavior?
Do you care for operational risk?
How about mix of business?
Practical Considerations
So many pricing standards in one market!
What pricing measures to use?
Depends on if you are European, American, or “local”?
How to price for risk?
Scenario testing is useful, but hard to put probabilities on scenarios
Trend in valuation and risk capital - moving to stochastic models
Best move to stochastic models – useful to put a range of results with probabilities
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